Having visible blood in urine is called gross hematuria. It may be because of menstrual bleeding in women. The major cause of blood in urine other than days when you are menstruating could be because of certain drugs e.g. warfarin used in case of heart diseases to thin the blood. Another cause of blood in urine might be using food that contains unmetabolised pigments that cause red color in urine. They concluded that there are different thumb shape that exists and the allele’s controls the shape of the thumb are “S” and small “s”. S is dominant allele and “s” is recessive. No relation between thumb shape and blood in urine exists. Reduction of bilirubin results in by products that are colorless known as urobilinogen. Urobilinogen is formed as a result of action of intestinal bacteria on bilirubin. This bacterial action converts bilirubin into urobilinogen in the duodenum. Thumb shape is continuously varying trait. It may straight or may be bend to some angle towards the back depending upon the alleles present on chromosomes. From results we can conclude that people with straight thumb may have chances of positive results for urobilinogen. From results we can conclude that people with straight thumb may have chances of positive results for urobilinogen. The only cause of ketones in urine is the deficiency of ATP inside the body, as the result of which body is breaking ketones in order to get energy. If there is glucose in urine within normal range but along this urine contains elevated amount of ketones it means that something is happening that is quite wrong and dangerous. Elevated level of ketones in urine range from 1.6-3.0mmol/liter that is the indication of dangerous risk of diabetes ketoacidosis, in this case you should immediately consult to your doctor. Thumb that is bent in the backward direction is called hitchhikers thumb. Bending of thumb in backward direction does not have any negative impact on the thumb work. No relation between thumb shape and ketones in urine exists. Having nitrites in urine indicates bacterial infection of urinary track. Bacteria contains specific enzyme that is capable to convert nitrites into nitrates that results nitrites in urine. So nitrite in urine is an indication of urinary tract infection that is known as UII. If there is no bacterial infection of bladder, kidney and urinary track than urine contains only nitrates, that is normal but if there is bacterial infection than nitrates are converted into nitrites and urinalysis report will be positive. Thumb shape does not have any impact on the working of thumb. No relation was found from the data that shows that thumb shape is related with the urine nitrites level. Leukocytes are the white blood cells. They are responsible to fight against foreign agents. Their action inside the body indicates that there must be any foreign agent inside the body against which leukocytes are in action. These cells are present at different locations e.g. spleen, bone marrow and other different locations. The infection starts in the lower urinary track at last reaches to kidney, often caused when bacteria from whole body reach to kidney through the blood stream. The chances of this infection are more in women as compare to men. About 60-70% chances are high in women. There is myth about thumb shape ,that only two type of thumb shape exist , one is straight thumb and the other one is curved thumb also known as hitchhikers thumb (H). This character is controlled by two allele of some gene. These alleles are “S” and “s”. If a person had straight thumb we can predict that he will shows positive test for the leukocytes in the urine. Normal urine PH range is 6-7.4. This slightly acidic PH of urine is maintained by the reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of H and NH3. If there is excess of reabsorption of sodium the PH of urine becomes more acidic and if there is more excretion of bicarbonate and bi-carbonic acid, then urine PH increases because due to excretion bicarbonates and bi-carbonic acid condition leads toward alkaline urine. Deviation from normal urine PH may indicates presence of kidney disease or respiratory problem. Some doctor also tests blood urine to examine the side effect of drugs because some drugs make the urine acidic. Limited work is done regarding the thumb shape. Glass and Kittler are two scientists who had described the genetics behind the thumb shape in the year of 1953. Thumb bend greater than 50 C or equal to 50 C due to bending of distal joint of thumb. There is no relation of thumb shape with urine pH. The renal glycosuria is term used for glucose level of urine. Due to diabetes blood glucose level increases that have negative impact on the kidney. So due to diabetes the kidney becomes damaged result in glucose leakage from blood to the urine. The carbohydrate you eat converted in glucose, and glucose is the form of energy that the body can use but when its amount exceeds the normal range it causes serious problems e.g. damages the kidney and results in glucose in urine Thumb shape is the continually changing variable. Shape of the thumb depends upon the combination of allele. Maximum subjects rather having straight thumb or bend thumb showed absence of glucose in urine. While not even a single subject with straight thumb had shown positive result for the glucose in urine while subjects with bend thumb had shown glucose in urine. So we can say that no relation between thumb shape and glucose in urine.