This article studies the effect of surface modification of polyester (PET) and silk fabrics by exposing to cold plasma discharge. The cold plasma discharge was proceeded using oxygen/Argon mixed gas as a working gas and different plasma device parameters have been studied such as: different time, different current and different hydrostatic pressure. Treated fabrics are characterized by the measurements and evaluation of mechanical properties, air permeability, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and the changes in surface morphological of pretreated fabrics were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX)). Then the exposed plasma fabrics at optimum conditions were modified with prepared nano-silver. The antibacterial activity for treated fabrics against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aurous) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) were examined. Also the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values increase for both exposed fabrics but the increase is not significant in silk fabrics while antibacterial properties were highly improved by the treatment of fabric. As an applied part for the efficiency of the plasma and nano-treatment, oxygen and oxygen/argon mixed gas plasma and/or nano-silver treated silk samples were separately dyed with Natural Red Lac Dye. Finally, as a metrological part, the uncertainty budget of tensile strength measurement of polyester samples was calculated and analyzed with a well verified traceability via applying all the measurements which are traceable to SI units.

Keywords: Antibacterial properties, DC plasma discharge, ESR, Mechanical properties, Mixed oxygen, Polyester and silk.

[1] U. Choudhary, E. Dey, R. Bhattacharyya and S. K. Ghosh, A brief review on plasma treatment of textile materials, Advance Research in Textile Engineering, 3(1) (2018).

[2] S. Kryštofová,  Šimončicová, V. Medvecká, K. Ďurišová & B. Kaliňáková, Technical applications of plasma treatments: current state and perspectives Juliana, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 103 (2019), 5117-5129.

[3] A. Pars, R. Karadag, M. S. Ozen & E. Sancak, The Effect of Laser Radiation in Different Mordant and Ratios on Silk Fabrics Dyed with Weld (Reseda luteola L.), Journal of Natural Fibers, 11 (2021).

[4] L. Decandra, The effect of plasma treatment on the dyeability of silk fabric by using Phytolacca natural dye extract, Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 26(3) (2016), 262-269.

[5] H.M.El-Hennawi, S.A.Mahmoud, A.A Ragheb. Eco-friendly coloration of silk and flax fabrics with natural dye enhanced by ultraviolet radiation. Egypt Pharmaceutical  Journal, 16(3) (2017), 192-198.

[6] J. Loum, R. Byamukama, P.Wanyama, Application of natural dyes from selected indigenous plants on cotton and silk fabrics. Journal Textile Engineering Fashion & Technology, 7(2) (2021), 71-77.

[7] A. Talebian, S. Habibi & P. Neshat, Green dyeing of weld on corona discharge treated wool fabric, The Journal of The Textile Institute, 112(1) (2021), 144-151.

[8] P. Kongkachuichaya, A. Shitangkoonb and N. Chinwongamorna, Studies on Dyeing of Silk Yarn with Lac Dye: Effects of Mordants and Dyeing Conditions, Science Asia 28 (2002), 161-166.

[9] B. Y. Şahinbaşkan, R. Karadag & E. Torgan, Dyeing of silk fabric with natural dyes extracted from cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa) and gall oak (Quercus infectoria Olivier), Journal of Natural Fibers, 15(4) (2018), 559-574.

[10] J. Sheikh, S. Priyanka Jagtap & M. D. Teli, Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Natural Dyes and Natural Mordants vis a vis Dyeing, Fibers and Polymers, 17(5) (2016), 738-743.

[11] O. Deveoglu & R. Karadag, A review on the flavonoids–a dye source. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, 31(3) (2019), 188-200.‏

[12] P. Abdulkadir, The Effect of Laser Radiation in Different Mordant and Ratios on Silk Fabrics Dyed with Weld (Reseda luteola L.), Journal of Natural Fibers, (2021), 1-15.‏

[13] D. M. Essa, S. F. Ibrahim, Khaled Elnagar, Ahmed M. Abdel-Razik & Adel A. H. Abdel-Rahman, Characterization and evaluation of polyester and silk fabrics treated using plasma as clean energy advanced technique, Egyptian Journal of Chemistry,  62 (2019), 75-90.

[14] M. Bafoil, A. Jemmat, Y. Martinez, N.Merbahi, O.Eichwald, C.Dunand, M.Yousfi, Effects of low temperature plasmas and plasma activated waters on Arabidopsis thaliana germination and growth. PLoS One, 13 (2018), 1-16.

[15] S.S. Salem, E.F. El-Belely, G. Niedbała, M.M. Alnoman, S.E.D. Hassan, A.M. Eid &  A. Fouda, Bactericidal and in-vitro cytotoxic efficacy of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) fabricated by endophytic actinomycetes and their use as coating for the textile fabrics, Nanomaterials, 10(10) (2020).

[16] R. Mia, M.S. Sk, Z.B.S. Oli, T. Ahmed, S. Kabir & M.A. Waqar, Functionalizing cotton fabrics through herbally synthesized nanosilver, Journal of Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 4 (2021).

[17] A. Ado, H. Yahaya, A.A. Kwalli, & R.S. Abdulkadir, Dyeing of textiles with eco-friendly natural dyes: a review. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Protection, 1(5) (2014), 76-81.

[18] Standard Test Method, ASTM D737 - 04 (2016).

[19] Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method), ASTM D5035 -11 (2019).

[20] S.F. Ibrahim, D.M. Essa, A.M. Abdel-Razik, K.H. Elnagar, M.A. Saudy & A.H.Abdel-Rahman,  Application of DC plasma discharge and/or nanosilver treatments to poly ethylene terephthalate  fabrics to induce hydrophilicity and antibacterial activity, Elixir Appl. Chem., 50 (2012), 10370-10377.

[21] J. Shao,  C.M. Carr,  C.P. Rowlands & J. Walton,  XPS, SIMS,  and  ESR  studies  of UV/ozone –irradiated silk and wool, Journal of Textile Institute, 90(4) (1999), 459-468.

[22] H. Deng, B. Deng & C. Xiao, Nano-materials in UV protection textiles, Textile Asia, 6 (2007), 40-42.

[23] S.F. Ibrahim, D.M. Essa & E.M. Osman, Spectral evaluation studies on titanium dioxide nano-particles and their add-mixtures on textile fabrics, Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 59(6) (2016), 1069 -1093.

[24] Q. Wei, X. Wang, R.M, Rhodes & A. Fotheringham, New approaches to characterization of textile materials using environmental scanning electron microscope,  Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 12 (2004), 79-83.

[25] P. Brun P, G. Bernabè, C. Marchiori, M. Scarpa, M. Zuin, R. Cavazzana, B. Zaniol, E. Martines, Antibacterial efficacy and mechanisms of action of low power atmospheric pressure cold plasma: membrane permeability, biofilm penetration and antimicrobial sensitization, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 125 (2018), 398-408.

[26] S.F. Ibrahim, M.N. Michael and F.M. Tera, Characterization of dye-ability and diffusion kinetics of chemically modified cotton fabrics towards disperse and direct dyes, International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science, 3(5) (2016), 7-16.

[27] ISO 105-C06: Textiles-Tests for colour fastness, (2010).

[28] ASTM, G 23, (1996).

[29] R.M. Wafaa, S.R. Usama, E.S. Hanan & E. A. Azza, Ultraviolet protection, flame retardancy and antibacterial properties of treated polyester fabric using plasma-nano technology,  Mat. Sci. & Appl., 2 (2011), 1432-1442.

[30] S.F. Ibrahim, D. M. Essa, A.M. Abdel-Razik, K.H. Elnagar, M.A. Saudy & A.H. Abdel-Rahman, Application of DC plasma discharge and/or Nanosilver treatments to poly ethylene terephthalate fabrics to induce Hydrophilicity and antibacterial activity, Elixir Appl. Chem., 50 (2012), 10370-10377.

[31] H.U. Poll, U. Schladitz & S. Schreiter, Penetration of plasma effects into textile structures, Journal of Surface Coating and Technol., (2001), 489-493.

[32] M.O.H. Cioffi, H.J.C. Voorwald, V. Ambrogi, T. Monetta, F. Bellucci & L. Nicolais, Mechanical strength of PET fibers  treated  in cold  plasma and  thermal  exposed, Journal of Material Engineering Perform, 12 (2003), 279-287.

[33] K.H. El-Nagar, M.A. Saudy, A.I. Eatah & M.M. Masoud, DC pseudo plasma discharge treatment of polyester textile surface for disperse dyeing, Journal of Textile Institute, 97(2) (2006), 111-117.

[34] Farrance R. Frenkel, Uncertainty of measurement: A review of the rules for calculating uncertainty components through functional relationships, Clin Biochem Rev., 33(2) (2012), 49-75.

[35] J.D.B. Paul, T. Philip, Traceability to the SI of amount-of-substance measurements: From ignoring to realizing, a chemist's view, Metrologia, 34(1) (2003), 67p.